A review of habitual coffee consumption: where associations are strong, and where they are qualified
The review gathers data linking habitual coffee consumption to cardiovascular, metabolic and organ-specific outcomes. The strongest associations are described for moderate intake — three to four cups a day, roughly 450–600 ml — and the relationship is characterised as J-shaped.
On the cardiovascular side, moderate intake is associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and a lower incidence of heart failure. On the metabolic side the review names a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes and liver fibrosis; on the neurological side, an association with lower risk of neurodegenerative disease.
The qualifications are stated plainly by the authors. Intake well above moderate is associated with transient haemodynamic disturbance. Unfiltered brewing methods affect the lipid profile because of higher diterpene content. For pregnancy the review describes a linear relationship between caffeine dose and adverse outcomes — here, unlike elsewhere, there is no J shape.
The review speaks of associations in observational data, not of demonstrated causation.
Original source
Habitual Coffee Consumption and Systemic Health Outcomes: A Comprehensive ReviewOpen the original ↗Related category
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